Immunoassay for the qualitative detection of infectious. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 3. A negative result does not, however, make it possible to exclude im. These antibodies can be detected by rapid agglutination assays, but falsepositive results have occasionally been reported for several conditions, including leukemia, rubella, malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, pancreatic carcinoma, viral hepatitis. The troponin complex plays an important role in the regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. In clinical practice, the most important significance of heterophile antibodies is their use in diagnosing infectious mononucleosis. Bailey and shorb con clude that the complex responsible for the heterophile property of the. Humans extensively exposed to animals or certain animal byproducts are at risk of developing these antibodies.
Heterophilic antibodies are human antibodies that interact with assay antibody interferences. However, heterophile antibody is predicted to comprise antibodies capable of binding to a surface component of erythrocytes containing terminal nglycolylneuraminic acid neu5gc residues. Commercially available test kits are 7092% sensitive and 96100%. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or. Thus, the interference is not limited to monoclonal antibody based assays. The immustrip hama elisa test system employs a control mouse polyclonal antibody as the capture antibody and a mouse antiisotypic monoclonal igg1 to detect hama.
Heterophile antibody synonyms, heterophile antibody antonyms. We verified that antibodybinding substances in serum that interfere in twosite immunoassays involving murine antibodies are heterophilic antibodies. If positive, it will remain so for at least six weeks. Im is most commonly caused by epsteinbarr virus ebv. Vi antibodies have been reported in the serums of normal adults. Test results for heterophile antibodies were not validated for sera belonging to this group. Infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibodies belong to the igm class. Our line of high quality bulk hama reagents are ideal for your needs. Interference of the immunoassays has been increasingly recognized as a problem because it may lead to. Labcorp test details for human antimouse antibodies. Interfering antibodies rheumatoid factor specific antibodies to the analyte heterophile antibodies antibodies to reagent nonhuman proteins high concentrations of these types of substances may be difficult to obtain.
The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to ebv infection. Heterophile antibodies are endogenous antibodies in human serumplasma that may interfere with immunoassays resulting in false elevation, or rarely false. Heterophile antibody tests have simi lar specificity and are cheaper, but are less sensitive in children or in adults during the early days of the illness sor. Heterophil antibodies have the ability to agglutinate red blood cells of different animal species. The occurrence, direction falsely high or low, and degree of interference all depend on the formulation, including the. The heterophilic antibodies are not species specific, but can bind to a variety of animal antibodies. Heterophile antibody test is a rapid test which detects infectious mononucleosis that is caused by the epstein barr virus ebv. Hbt heterophilic blocking scantibodies s tube elimination of heterophilic interference f or immunochemistry assays part number. Heterophile antibody an overview sciencedirect topics. The main goal of the heterophile antibody test is to reduce your symptoms and treat any health complication if any.
Virion had a low sensitivity for ebna igg antibodies, whereas biotest was negative for early antigen ea igm and ea igg from the dilutions 1. What test is the best for diagnosingbarbara fortune, mls. In sandwich assay format, assay interference could happen when heterophilic antibodies bridge the capture and detection antibody in the assay design, resulting. Heterophile antigens link the species hogoxhuman blood group a, cathorse, and doghogcathuman, whereas several heterophile groups link. Two validating cohort studies assessed the accuracy of several commercially available test kits for the detection of heterophile antibodies eg, mono spot tests. Human antimouse antibodies hama, rheumatoid factor rf, and heterophile antibodies are responsible for causing falsepositive immunoassay results. Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens heterophile antigens. How to use the monospot and other heterophile antibody tests. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. These heterophile antibodies are directed against antigens found in bovine, sheep and horse erythrocytes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether vi, typhoid flagellar h, and heterophile sheep hemagglutinating antibodies were present normally in children.
Awareness of the possibility of interference by heterophile antibodies is important to prevent inappropriate management on the basis of erroneous laboratory results. For assays employing antibodies, the possibility exists for interference by heterophile antibodies in the samples. The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to epsteinbarr virus ebv. Human heterophile and immunizationinduced antibodies. The serologic response to eb virus includes antibody to early antigen, igm. Heterophile antibodies interfere with immunoassays.
Infectious mononucleosis im is a viral illness that involves reticuloendothelial tissue and is generally limited to children and young adults. Product lines include a wide range of immunoassay reagents and antibodies used in assays such as, but not limited to, elisa, immunohistochemistry ihc, western blotting, flow cytometry facs, immunofluorescence and. Heterophile antibody definition of heterophile antibody. Conversely, im heterophile antibodies have been detected prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Interference studies may require mixing experiments. The interference is probably mediated via the fc region of the antibodies used in the assay. Heterophile antibody interference with thyroid assay. In young adulthood, the test has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of the primary ebv infection. During the acute phase of illness, certain heterophile antibodies appear in 85%90% of im cases. Rearrange individual pages or entire files in the desired order. Heterophile definition is of, relating to, or being an antibody circulating in blood serum that is reactive with antigen originating in a different species. False positive monospot tests may occur in cases of hiv, lymphoma or lupus. Information and translations of heterophile in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Human antimouse antibody an overview sciencedirect topics.
Heterophile antibodies definition of heterophile antibodies. Heterophile antibodies have been detected in patients serum over 1 year after the onset of illness. Ten microbiological departments in norway have participated in a multicenter evaluation of the following commercial tests for detection of epsteinbarr virus ebvspecific and heterophile antibodies. A problem for all immunoassays article pdf available in clinical chemistry 341. The numerous groups of heterophile antigensof which the forssman antigens are the best studiedconstitute significant exceptions.
An elevated heterophile antibody level may persist up to 1 year. The highest amount of heterophile antibodies occurs 2 to 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms. C t he heterophilic interference problem a heterophilic sample is a serum or plasma sample which contains antibodies which are able to bind to animal. Evaluation of 12 commercial tests for detection of epstein. Typhoid h antibodies appear during immunization of adults against typhoid fever and then gradually disappear.
What test is the best for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis. Heterophile antigen accessscience from mcgrawhill education. The first compared 6 kits using either a latex agglutination or a solidphase assay against a gold standard of serologic verification for 53. Understanding the nature and characteristics of these antibodies provides a format for better identifying and removing them. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1. Incubation of serum containing heterophilic antibodies and a murine monoclonal antibody to human choriogonadotropin hcg leads to formation of a series of soluble immune complexes. Heterophile antigens link the species hogoxhuman blood group a, cathorse, and doghogcathuman, whereas several heterophile groups link otherwise diverse microorganisms. The vcaigg antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity. Vca igg and igm, ead and ear, ebna igg, and heterophile heterophile antibodies composed of broad class of antibodies. Igg to the viral capsid antigen appears in the acute phase, peaks at. Immunoassays are one of the main methods of measuring thyroid hormones.
Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Pdf paulbunnell antigen and a possible mechanism of formation. Epsteinbarr virus ebv is a highly prevalent virus, transmitted via saliva, which often causes asymptomatic infection in children but frequently results in infectious mononucleosis in adolescents. The monospot test is 75% sensitive and 90% specific compared with ebvspecific antibodies specific antibody tests are more expensive and timeconsuming used for patients with suspected acute ebv infection who lack heterophile antibodies and for patients with atypical infections ebv. Discrepancies between the results given by the osom mono test and the latex particle agglutination test were resolved by epsteinbarr virus ebv speci. Heterophile antibodies are directed against animal antibodies that are used in the hcg assay design and have the potential to interfere.
Heterophilic antibody interference in immunometric assays. Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. Falsepositive result provided by rapid heterophile. They are present in 8090% of acute im cases and can be detected in 6070% of patients during the. Growing evidence suggests many of these antibodies are natural antibodies. It is the cause of classic infectious mononucleosis and is causally implicated in the pathogenesis of burkitt lymphoma, some nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and rare hereditary lymphoproliferative disorders. Synonyms for heterophile antibody in free thesaurus. Heterophile antibodies may interfere with a number of immunoassays commonly used in clinical practice.
Heterophile antibody definition of heterophile antibody by. The three groups of heterophile antibodies are polyspecific antibodies, antiimmunoglobulin antibodies, and highspecificity highaffinity antibodies against antigens from animal species. Heterophile antibodies make up a broad class of antibodies which are characterized by the ability to react with. A human antibody that reacts with proteins from another species. Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for ebv. Captia select viral capsid antigen vcamgebna centocor inc. The sheep cell agglutination test or heterophile antibody reaction, as it is also called, is a laboratory procedure. Heterophilic antibodies may arise in a patient in response to exposure to certain animals or animal products or due to infection by bacterial or viral agents, or nonspecifically.
Heterophile definition of heterophile by the free dictionary. Studies on the heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. These antibodies can be detected by rapid agglutination assays, but falsepositive results have occasionally been reported for several conditions, including leukemia, rubella, malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, pancreatic carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The disease is characterized by fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, headache, and fatigue, and on a symptomatic basis may be confused with other diseases. Heterophilic antibody interference is another widespread problem in immunometric test systems.
However, some falsenegative results have been shown to be due to a delayed im heterophile antibody response. Once files have been uploaded to our system, change the order of your pdf documents. These antibodies, known as im heterophile antibodies, are primarily of the lgm class. Some heterophile antibody tests have an excellent positive. Vi typhoid flagellar and heterophile antibodies in serums. The three groups of heterophile antibodies are polyspecific antibodies, antiimmunoglobulin antibodies, and highspecificity highaffinity antibodies. Heterophile antibody synonyms, heterophile antibody.
Heterophile and immunizationinduced antibodies against the free andor total hormone assay antibodies are known to cause falsely low or falsely high ft4 results 107, 108. A heterophile antibody test yielded a positive result the day after admission, and a clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was confirmed 7 days later with positive epsteinbarr virus ebv serologypositive viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin m, negative viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin g igg, and ebv nuclear antigen igg. The test relies on the agglutination of horse erythrocytes by heterophile antibodies in patient serum. Im heterophile antibody titers have been shown to persist in some cases for months and years after clinical symptoms have subsided.
The presence of heterophile antibodies has a high specificity for infectious mononucleosis. Heterophile antibodies can arise in nonebv infections. Heterophilic blocking reagents immunoreagents hama reagents are designed to block a specific human antispecies antibody activity. May 23, 2018 the heterophile antibody test is actually red cells which detect cell antibodies formed as part of the polyclonal antibody response that occurs during an ebv infection. The monospot or heterophile antibody test detects antibodies, which, although not directed against ebv, are highly indicative of im when present. Features of heterophilic antibody interference in immunoassays include. However, heterophile antibody is predicted to comprise 1.
Very large number of tests are being performed with automated analyzers and there has been a problem with misdiagnosis. Pdf on nov 20, 2009, seshasayee narasimhan and others published heterophile antibodies and troponin results. Heterophile antibodies represent naturally occurring antibodies and autoantibodies directed against heterogeneous and illdescribed antigens 31. Troponin i is a subunit of the troponin complex tn, which is a heteromeric protein that is bound to the thin filament. Epsteinbarr eb virus is a herpes group virus that is ubiquitous. Heterophile antigen definition of heterophile antigen by. Final patient values are reported as nanograms of precipitable.
It is present in 80% of infected teens and adults, 40% of all infected children, and only 20% of infected children under 4. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Once you merge pdfs, you can send them directly to your email or download the file to our computer and view. In infectious mononucleosis, igm heterophil antibodies are usually detectable for the first 3 months of infection. Heterophile definition of heterophile by merriamwebster. Vi typhoid flagellar and heterophile antibodies in serums of. During the acute phase of illness, certain heterophile antibodies appear in 8590% of im cases. Heterophile antibodies are very large molecules and do not cross the kidney and enter the urine. The occurrence, direction falsely high or low, and degree of interference all depend on the formulation, including the type of antibody, of a given free hormone assay. Eia tests that detect antibodies to the ebv vca and early antigen ea are more. Heterophile antibody tests, including the monospot test, are red cell or latex agglutination assays, which detect antired cell antibodies produced as part of a polyclonal antibody response. Pdf sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis contain heterophile anti paul bunnell pb antibodies to erythrocytes of numerous. Heterophilic antibodies are not a single, specific entity, but are. Each product undergoes rigorous quality control testing to ensure superior performance.
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